As global demand for aquatic foods continues to rise, small-scale marine fisheries (SSFs) and aquaculture have become increasingly significant players in meeting this need. However, the expansion of aquaculture, especially in close-to-shore waters, is creating competition with SSFs and potential negative impacts. It’s clear that the relationship between these two sectors is complex, with both positive and negative outcomes that can affect resource access, markets, and risk exposure.
Given this complex interaction, it becomes vital to manage the relationship between SSFs and aquaculture deliberately. This approach aims to mitigate negative socio-economic and environmental effects while promoting synergies for enhanced food production. Equitable distribution of benefits and intentional coordination between the two sectors is central to this management strategy. A comprehensive analysis of 46 case studies and qualitative modeling reveals the heterogeneity of interactions and outcomes, identifying key factors that determine whether the relationship between SSFs and aquaculture is synergistic or antagonistic.
One approach to harmonious marine farming is the Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. This method involves growing different species together, such as steelhead trout, blue mussels, and sugar kelp. Such an approach not only boosts production but also contributes to environmental sustainability. For instance, while the trout release nitrogen into the environment, the mussels and kelp extract it, resulting in a net reduction of nitrogen from the ecosystem. This is just one example of how the challenges faced by fishers transitioning to aquaculture can be addressed through innovative methods like IMTA.
In addition to collaborative farming methods, governance also plays a crucial role in managing SSFs and aquaculture. The introduction of Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURF) by the Chilean government is a case in point. This approach devolves authority over the appropriation of benthic fisheries to local fishers’ organizations. Comparative case studies of two TURF networks in northern Chile suggest that effective governance outcomes can be achieved even with less favorable legitimacy structures of decision making.
An ecosystem approach to fisheries management can facilitate sustainable fishing practices that benefit both people and the environment. Such an approach, emphasizing sustainable resource use, biodiversity protection, and support for small-scale fishers, has been implemented in Bangladesh, where the marine fisheries sector contributes significantly to the national GDP. However, overfishing and lack of adherence to rules remain significant challenges. Solutions include stakeholder engagement, clear objectives, co-management approaches, and promoting alternative livelihoods. These recommendations make the ecosystem approach to fisheries management a promising pathway for the sustainable development of coastal and marine fisheries.
The interaction between SSFs and aquaculture is not a zero-sum game. With careful and deliberate management, it’s possible to maximize benefits and minimize negative impacts. Whether through innovative farming methods like IMTA, governance models like TURF, or implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, we can chart a course towards a sustainable future for aquatic food production that benefits both people and the planet.