Lucas, Devin L. and Jennifer M. Lincoln. 2010. The impact of marine preserve areas on the safety of fishermen on Guam. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council

For Chamorro fishermen, the risk of drowning more than doubled after MPAs were enforced. Non-Chamorro fishermen experienced a sharp decrease in the risk of drowning after MPAs were established. Greater exposure to a high risk environment, as evidenced by the shift in location of drowning deaths among Chamorro fishermen, may explain the increase in the drowning rates post MPAs.