This study challenges the ‘National Park’ as the appropriate management model for the Peixe Lagoon area in southern Brazil through an investigation of local fisherfolk livelihoods and traditional ecological knowledge. We argue that top-down management policies implemented through a non-participatory process, which have resulted in conflict between government officials and fisherfolk, disregarded the
fisherfolk’s cultural practices and particular knowledge, thereby violating their rights as traditional people. Multiple suggestions are provided to achieve environmental conservation schemes without compromising the local traditional fishing livelihoods.