Although some countries have claimed extended fisheries jurisdiction for over a generation, most claims are more recent, and most countries are still in the process of formulating their policies toward fisheries in their extended zones. One of the basic elements of such policies is the attitude toward foreign participation in the fisheries of the zone. There are three broad choices open to the coastal State: to prohibit or discourage any foreign participation, to grant access to wholly-foreign operations (licensing), to permit foreign access only in associations with national partners (joint ventures) or national operations (over-the-side sales). These most be seen as broad categories, not as uniquely defined choices. None of them is truly exclusive; even a policy to exclude foreign participation will have exceptions dictated by the need for foreign inputs and markets, the presence of immigrant foreigners, the difficulty of defining and controlling the activities prohibited to foreigners. Nonetheless, each of the three might properly be described as the dominant policy of a coastal State toward foreign participation in fisheries.